Birth Control Controversy - 1359 Words

Contraception is a critical issue for women of all ages and social class because the decision to have a baby impacts a woman’s physical, mental, and emotional health. Contraception is also very costly and is an expense that a woman primarily shoulders. Not every employer’s health insurance plan provides benefits for prescription contraceptives and devices. A personal survey of 50 adults with varying types of insurance plans, asked if their health insurance plans provided coverage for birth control, Viagra, or abortion. Everyone surveyed maintain that his plan provides coverage for Viagra, a sexual enhancement drug, and abortion. The same survey showed that 26% of the insurance plans do not provide benefits for Food and Drug†¦show more content†¦Therefore, women are paying upwards of 68% higher health care expenditures than their male counterparts (Zolman, 2002). In comparison, the only form of birth control used by men is a condom, and they are available wi thout prescription and not costly. Pictured above are different types of birth control available. All, except condoms, require a prescription and are used by women. Photo courtesy of Dawn Stacey Sexual Discrimination Some health insurance plans exclude contraceptives because it views them as quality of life drug and not medically necessary. If a doctor deems a woman to have a clinical need for contraception, such as recurring headaches, endometriosis, acne, or irregular menstruation, an insurance company may choose to authorize benefits. However, Viagra is one quality of life drug that insurance plans cover without question (Vargas, 2002). Viagra is an oral treatment that a doctor prescribes exclusively to men who suffer from erectile dysfunction. Covering expenses for one quality of life drug, aimed for the improvement of men’s sex lives, and denying benefit of another quality of life drug, intended to prevent pregnancy for women, is undoubtedly discriminatory. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) sustain employers are legally bound to provide a full range of family planning options if other forms of preventive health prescriptions and devices are part of their benefi tsShow MoreRelatedTeenagers Should Have Access to Birth Control Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesYour mom is sitting across from you and you are afraid what she is going to think of you when you answer â€Å"Yes.† to the question. You want to do the right thing and get on birth control to be safe, but you know your mom will say no. Girls in the 21st century should have the right to protect themselves with any sort of birth control they choose without parents’ consent. About 40 percent of sexually active teenagers admit to not using any form of protection (like a condom) during their last session.Read MoreWhat Are The Benefits And Controversies Of A Nonprofit Organization878 Words   |  4 PagesBenefits and Controversies of a Nonprofit Organization For numerous years the nonprofit organization, Planned Parenthood, has been a topic of controversy as people ask whether or not the healthcare organization needs to have its funds revoked. In 2015, a video footage was released to the public of â€Å"Planned Parenthood medical officials discussing the sale of fetal tissue to researchers,† and it seemed likely that federal funds would be revoked as backlash from the public was noted (Welch). AlthoughRead MoreBirth Control: Past and Present1245 Words   |  5 Pagesthe notion of â€Å"birth control† has been around for centuries, going back to the days of Aristotle who is thought to be the first person use different herbs and oils as spermicides (www.pbs.org). In an age where pregnancy prevention and contraception is extremely prevalent, it is interesting to think of a time where it was just as prevalent, but preformed without the medicines and modes of contraception we use today. Despite the history that surrounds the co ntroversy of â€Å"birth control,† which is stillRead MoreCondom Distribution in Public Schools Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesAllowing condoms to be distributed in public schools has had much controversy over the years. Many people learn about safe sex, but there are still many unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases floating around. Some schools across the United States have made it to where students are given condoms in school. On top of other alternatives, such condom distribution programs should be allowed or promoted in public schools to help reduce teen pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseasesRead MoreThe Morning After Pill Essay600 Words   |  3 PagesUnintended pregnancy continues to be a growing controversy in the United States. There are many women and female adolescents that are faced with unintended pregnancies. Many have to decide whether to continue with their pregnancy or end their pregnancy. The most common method used to end an uninten ded pregnancy is by an abortion. However, many women and especially adolescents are not aware of an alternative method used to prevent an unintended pregnancy called Emergency Contraception (EC). This paperRead MoreBirth Control and the Government Essay1092 Words   |  5 PagesHealth care and what people are legally allowed to do with their bodies have created controversy galore throughout history. A particular point of debate is the topic of birth control and the government. A dangerous couple, it raises the question of who should have control over contraceptive laws and what controls involving them should be put in place? Currently, under the Obama Administration, the Affordable Care Act and â€Å"Obamacare† have been created. One of the sections of this new plan createsRead MoreMoral Objections Of Birth Control Coverage868 Words   |  4 PagesObjections to Birth Control Coverage As human beings, we get involved in sexual relationships. When it comes to topics of sex a lot of people have their right and wrong reasons. Birth control is a controversial concept in which individuals in sexual relationships deal with on a daily basis. A person with more religious and moral values will say birth control is unacceptable depending on the religion. Not all religions are anti birth control. Birth control is a major controversy issue. ThoseRead MoreExamining the Issue of Planned Parenthood between Republicans and Democrats959 Words   |  4 Pagesprevent unwanted births from increasing and to respect women’s right to have birth control and prenatal care, the government should support and continue to fund Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood was founded by Margaret Sanger in 1916 and became the first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, New York. However, during this time, women did not have the same rights and respect as women today because they were not allowed to vote, get divorced, or own a company. With these controversies about women’sRead More Margaret Sanger’s Planned Parenthood Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pagesset out to establish the American Birth Control League, which eventually became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA). Sanger’s actions provoked much controversy because at the time not only was contraception illegal in the United States, but it was denounced by almost every major religious denomination (Contraception History). Margaret Sanger set out on a mission to overcome first the church and then the state in order to â€Å"stop bringing to birth children whose inheritance cannotRead MoreShould Tennagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control Without Pa rent Consent?1727 Words   |  7 PagesShould Teenagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control without the Permission of Parents? KaTrina Bacon English 215 February 2, 2012 Dr.Sharonda Johnson Should Teenagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control without the Permission of Parents? Of all the many controversies that have affected the United States in the past decades, birth control has been one of the more important topics. Some popular birth control methods are the female and male condoms, and the birth control pill. Even though both of these

Base Interview Script For Interviewing . As Indicated By

Base Interview Script for Interviewing As indicated by Tipton and Krause, a successful digital forensic interview must consider all parties required in the investigation before initiating. A basic piece of the interview is the consideration of the legitimate counsel on the grounds that not all conditions under investigation require the services of a legal counsel (Tipton Krause, 2006). In any case, in situations where circumstances indicate the infringing upon of an established law, the investigator (interviewer) must include the legal counsel since he/she is not a legal expert. The investigator must not begin the interview with the victims, potential perpetrators, or other sources without contemplating on the legal ramifications of†¦show more content†¦Who should be present at the interview? Contingent upon the type of witness or where in the investigative procedures, a lawyer representing the organization might need to be available. Regardless, the best circumstances is t o have two interviewers who perform the interviews, and one individual at a time. The interviews still can be effective if there are more than two interviewers, in spite of the fact that this method may result in confusing outcomes and the loss of control in the interview (AICPA, n.d.). The presentation of the interview allows the interviewer to build up the tone of the interview, play out any standard procedures of the interview process and establish compatibility with the interviewee. Introductions should be courteous and proficient, with proper handshakes. Other physical contact can be effectively confused and should be avoided. The interviewers’ identity should be disclose and the identity of the interviewee and others present must be verified (AICPA, n.d). In case of the interviewee is a witness, he/she should be encouraged to give his/her record of occasions in a never-ending way. â€Å"To facilitate this, the interviewer should not rush the account appear interested a nd be a positive listener. The interviewer should not attempt to finish the interviewee’s sentences and presuppose a certain version of events by doing so† (Anti-cartel enforcement manual,Show MoreRelatedHanson Production18651 Words   |  75 PagesProduction Houses 2.2 Indian Film Industry   2.3 Corporate Production House 2.4 Individual Production House 3. Chapter Three: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction   3.2 Secondary Data   3.3 Primary Data   3.4 Data Collection Methods   3.5 Semi-Structure Interviews   3.5.1 Participants   3.6 Analysis   3.7 Limitation   3.8 Questionnaire format   4. Chapter Four: FINDINGS and ANALYSIS 4.1 Advantages of Corporate houses over Independent productions 4.2 Comparative Analysis of Bollywood and Hollywood   4Read MoreInternational Marketing Research10714 Words   |  43 PagesActual and Potential Target Groups: In countries like England and Germany it is possible to do national samples. Small towns and villages can be included because distances are not great. In Spain, interviews can be conducted only in cities with populations of over 100,000 people, as the cost of interviewing people in small towns and villages is prohibitively high (Kumar, 2000). In addition, the international marketing researcher may also have to deal with other factors such as differences in the wayRead MoreEssay on Porters Diamond Model29755 Words   |  120 Pagesshe also provided professionalism to the development of the case study. I also thank all the professors and staff that participate in this year to make this program challenging and helpful. Finally, I want to thank people that facilitate the interview process for the case study: Ruben Dario (Rassini Frenos), Antonio Tonone (Sachs), Gabriel Estrada (BMW Mexico), Fausto Lopez and Luis M. Briones (Volkswagen Mexico), Ramon Suarez (Industria Nacional de Autopartes – INA), among others. iv TableRead MoreDeveloping Effective Research Proposals49428 Words   |  198 Pagesproposal development much further than was possible in that book. This means there are frequent references to Introduction to Social Research, as this book builds on the material there. Where these references are substantial, the relevant pages are indicated in a note at the end of the chapter. 1.3 A VIEW OF RESEARCH Faced with the many definitions, descriptions and conceptions of research in the methodological literature, I think it is sufficient for our present purposes to see research as an organizedRead MoreA Case Study of Performance Appraisal26392 Words   |  106 Pagesmany cases. A conceptual model is developed to frame the empirical research. The research takes the form of a case study, and the findings are collated through qualitative interviews. A focus group was conducted, which framed the issues of concern, and these were explored in much more detail through semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that there was a high level of understanding from staff of the need for performance appraisal. The largest gap between expectations and experiences layRead MoreA Case Study of Performance Appraisal26386 Words   |  106 Pagesmany cases. A conceptual model is developed to frame the empirical research. The research takes the form of a case study, and the findings are collated through qualitative interviews. A focus group was conducted, which framed the issues of concern, and these were explored in much more detail through semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that there was a high level of understanding from staff of the need for performance appraisal. The largest gap between expectations and experiences layRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesmanagement functions†¦ †¢ Staffing (HR planning, recruitment and selection) †¢ Human resource development †¢ Compensation and benefits †¢ Safety and health †¢ Employee and labor relations †¢ Records maintaining, etc. †¢ HR research (providing a HR information base, designing and implementing employee communication system). †¢ Interrelationship of HR functions. A. What is human resource management? As we said that HRM is the management of people working in an organizatio n, it is a subject related to human. ForRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesPlanning 116 Determining the Demand for Labor 117 Predicting the Future Labor Supply 117 Where Will We Find Workers? 118 Matching Labor Demand and Supply 118 Job Analysis 120 Job Analysis Methods 120 Observation Methods 120 Individual Interview Method 120 Group Interview Method 120 Structured Questionnaire Method 120 Technical Conference Method 120 Diary Method 121 Discipline and Employee Rights 97 What Is Discipline? 97 WORKPLACE ISSUES: Managers Should Be Prepared before Disciplining EmployeesRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive Change 533 PART IV SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS 590 591 Supplement A Making Oral and Written Presentations Supplement B Conducting Interviews 619 Supplement C Conducting Meetings 651 Appendix I Glossary 673 Appendix II References 683 Name Index 705 Subject Index 709 Combined Index 713 iii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xvii INTRODUCTION 1 3 THERead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesand no longer provide a sustainable advantage.2 Strategists James Quinn, Thomas Doorley, and Penny Paquette have argued that â€Å"maintainable advantage usually derives from outstanding depth in selected human skills, logistics capabilities, knowledge bases, or other service strengths that competitors cannot reproduce . . .†.3 Thus, with their perspective, there is recognition of the importance of having superior human resources. There is little doubt that organizations will need to invest heavily in

Economic Order Model †Three Jays Corporation Case Study - Sample

Question: Describe about the Economic Order Model for Three Jays Corporation Case Study. Answer: 1: The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Reorder Point Quantity are arrived at by using the following formulas. Whereby; EOQ represent the annual Demand of the inventory by an entity S represents the setup costs incurred in bringing the inventory into saleable condition. D is Demand for the year C represents unit cos i stands for Carrying cost percentage. On the other side, ROP is obtained by using the formula illustrated below: ROP = 3 x D 52 Using the five SKUS 2012 annual demand data the Company EOQ and ROP will be as follows.. Total set up cost (S) Weekly Demand (D) Carrying cost (i) Unit Cost (C) EOQ (case) ROP (case) Strawberry Jam 63.70 74 9% 28.34 61 4 Raspberry Jelly 63.70 63.75 9% 30.52 54 4 Peach Jam 63.70 44.5 9% 26.86 48 3 Blueberry Jam 63.70 27.75 9% 29.01 37 2 Apple/Mint Jelly 63.70 16.5 9% 26.32 30 1 NOTE: The following figures in the EOQ and ROP column have been arrived at by using the above two formulas The weekly demand is arrived at by dividing the monthly demand by 4 to obtain the weekly demand in the last week of June 2012. When the data obtained from this calculation is compared with the one of 2011, it comes out clearly that the annual demand has been increasing. This because of the demand for the product in the market is increasing, and also the company is avoiding to create the shortage of its products in the market(Sukhia, Khan, Bano, 2014). 2: The costs associated with EOQ are based both on the variable costs and the fixed costs (Sulak, Ero?lu, Bayhan, Avci, 2015). Variable costs differ with the level of production, and thus the value of EOQ should be obtained by putting into consideration all the inputs which actively participated in the production. Therefore, in this case, the costs attributable to the three works should not be included in total costs. This leads to a reduction of the total costs incurred by the three workers from the total cost as follows. 63.70 (1.29 x 3) = 59.80. Using this new cost the EOQ and ROP of the year 2012 will be recalculated as; Total set up cost (S) Weekly Demand (D) Carrying cost (i) Unit Cost (C) EOQ (case) ROP (case) Strawberry Jam 59.80 74 9% 28.34 58 4 Raspberry Jelly 59.80 63.75 9% 30.52 53 4 Peach Jam 59.80 44.5 9% 26.86 47 3 Blueberry Jam 59.80 27.75 9% 29.01 36 2 Apple/Mint Jelly 59.80 16.5 9% 26.32 29 1 From the comparison of the two calculations, the cost of the two laid-off workers should not be included in the calculation. This is because their costs rise the quantity demanded. This is quite evident when the QOE figures are compared in the two table. Therefore, excluding their costs, it will lead to reducing the quantity ordered by the company. 3: When the two results are compared it clearly reflects that data obtained when including the costs of the idle workers leads to the increase of the quantity demanded production. For instance, for Strawberry Jam the quantity demanded using the data of exhibit 2 is 61. However, when the cost of the idle workers is excluded the quantity demanded the production of the same product will be 58. Upon evaluating the scheduling method suggested by Jake and Josh. This paper finds that this is not the right schedule to use for determining the annual demand for the quantity needed for the production. This because some of the components used in ascertaining the quantity demanded are appropriate for the purchase of inventory but not for the raw materials needed for production. Jake and Josh are not following the established system either because they are not aware of the fundamental aspects which should or that should not be included in the calculation of the EOQ. 4: When the Jake and Josh procedures are compared with that of exhibit 2, the Jake and Josh schedule seems to vary from the exhibit 2. The exhibit two procedure accommodates each critical aspect of the EOQ model in the calculation of both EOQ and ROP. Additionally, it focuses on scrutinizing each concept of the EOQ before combining them to obtain the EOQ or ROP. According to Kumar (2016), the EOQ model should aim at helping the company to obtain the required annual demand at the lowest cost possible. However, for exhibit procedure to be effective, it should only consider costs associated with the setup costs, unit cost and carrying costs. Milad, Farid, Mohammad (2014) noted that costs should be directly linked to the EOQ or ROP. 5: After checking out the Jake and Josh procedure as well as coming up with his schedule, Brodie stands a higher chance of having various recommendations to present to Jana Fremont. First, all the costs should be analyzed and evaluated to determine their inclusion in the calculation of either EOQ or ROP. This is because it may result in unrealistic annual demand. Again, the unit costs should be based on both the variable and fixed costs directly attributable to the production. Alternatively, both set ups costs and carrying costs should be limited to only components related to EOQ directly. Third, the company should adjust the weekly reorder point in order to reduce the costs of placing orders frequently. The less the frequencies of the reorder point the lower the costs the company will incur. Fourth, the EOQ demanded by the company should not be based on the previous month demand plus the safety stock but according to the market analysis and demand of each product in the market. Ther efore, the company should carry out market analysis to determine which months the sales are high and the ones the sales will be low. References Kumar, R. (2016). Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model. Global Journal of Finance and Economic Management, 5(1), 1-5. Milad, E., Farid, K., Mohammad, K. (2014). Economic Order Quantity Model. International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations, 5(2), 211-222. Sukhia, K. N., Khan, A. A., Bano, M. (2014). Introducing Economic Order Quantity Model for Inventory Control in Web-based Point of Sale Applications and Comparative Analysis of Techniques for Demand Forecasting in Inventory Management. International Journal of Computer Application, 107(19), 0975 8887. Sulak, H., Ero?lu, A., Bayhan, M., Avci, M. A. (2015). An Economic Order Quantity Model for Defective Items under Permissible Delay in Payments and Shortage. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(1), 306-316.

The Nature of the Beast and Harassment Blues free essay sample

A discussion on the views of two contrasting authors Anita Hill and Naomi Munson on ethics in sexual harassment. The following paper compares the way in which Anita Hill and Naomi Munson formulate their arguments in their articles The Nature of the Beast (Anita Hill) and Harassment Blues (Naomi Munson). The writer argues that neither Hill nor Munson look at society as a whole, since both authors focus on the sexual harassment of women, without mentioning cases where men are the victims. This paper asserts that their approach is based more on the rights of the individual and a pro or anti-feminist stance than on any utilitarian or egalitarian perspective. Sexual harassment can be seen on many levels as down to the views of individuals. However, there is also a degree of ethical value involved as what one person may perceive as a bawdy joke, another may take as sexual harassment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nature of the Beast and Harassment Blues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To achieve fairness though, society does not just consider the views of individuals, but instead tends to look upon the needs of the whole. This means that for the greater good of society the needs of all are greater than those of a single person and this can be related to utilitarianism. The basis of this doctrine is that the value of any item or service is determined only by its usefulness. In adopting this philosophy a state should pursue actions that will bring about the most benefit to the largest number of citizens. In utilitarianism the greatest benefit is seen as the actions that result in the greatest happiness, which by any interpretation is a controversial view.

How American Manifest Destiny Effects Modern Foreign Policy

How American Manifest Destiny Effects Modern Foreign Policy The term Manifest Destiny, which American writer John L. OSullivan coined in 1845, describes what most 19th-Century Americans believed was their God-given mission to expand westward, occupy a continental nation, and extend U.S. constitutional government to unenlightened peoples. While the term sounds like it is strictly historical, it also more subtly applies to the tendency of U.S. foreign policy to push democratic nation-building around the globe. Historical Background OSullivan first used the term to support the expansionist agenda of President James K. Polk, who took office in March 1845. Polk ran on only one platform westward expansion. He wanted to officially claim the southern part of Oregon Territory; annex the whole of the American Southwest from Mexico; and annex Texas. (Texas had declared independence from Mexico in 1836, but Mexico did not acknowledge it. Since then, Texas had survived barely as an independent nation; only U.S. congressional arguments over slavery had prevented it from becoming a state.) Polks policies would undoubtedly cause war with Mexico. OSullivans Manifest Destiny thesis helped drum up support for that war. Basic Elements of Manifest Destiny Historian Albert K. Weinberg, in his 1935 book Manifest Destiny first codified the elements of American Manifest Destiny. While others have debated and reinterpreted those elements, they remain a good foundation for explaining the idea. They include: Security: Simply, the first generations of Americans saw their unique position on the eastern edge of a new continent as an opportunity to create a nation without of the Balkanization of European countries. That is, they wanted a continental-sized nation, not many small nations on a continent. That obviously would give the United States few borders to worry about and enable it to conduct a cohesive foreign policy.Virtuous Government: Americans saw their Constitution as the ultimate, virtuous expression of enlightened governmental thought. Using the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and others, Americans had created a new government without the hobbles of European monarchies one based on the will of the governed, not the government.National Mission/Divine Ordination: Americans believed that God, by geographically separating the U.S. from Europe, had given them the chance to create the ultimate government. It stood to reason, then, that He also wanted them to spread that governme nt to unenlightened people. Immediately, that applied to Native Americans. Modern Foreign Policy Implications The term Manifest Destiny fell out of use after the U.S. Civil War, in part to racist overtones of the concept, but it returned again in the 1890s to justify American intervention in the Cuban rebellion against Spain. That intervention resulted in the Spanish-American War, 1898. That war added more modern implications to the concept of Manifest Destiny. While the U.S. did not fight the war for true expansion, it did fight it to develop a rudimentary empire. After quickly beating Spain, the U.S. found itself in control of both Cuba and the Philippines. American officials, including President William McKinley, were hesitant to let nationals in either place run their own affairs, for fear that they would fail and allow other foreign nations to step into a power vacuum. Simply, many Americans believed that they need to take Manifest Destiny beyond American shores, not for land acquisition but to spread American democracy. The arrogance in that belief was racist itself. Wilson and Democracy Woodrow Wilson, president from 1913-1921, became a leading practitioner of modern Manifest Destiny. Wanting to rid Mexico of its dictator president Victoriano Huerta in 1914, Wilson commented that he would teach them to elect good men. His comment was fraught with the notion that only Americans could provide such governmental education, which was a hallmark of Manifest Destiny. Wilson ordered the U.S. Navy to conduct sabre-rattling exercises along the Mexican coastline, which in turn resulted in a minor battle in the town of Veracruz. In 1917, trying to justify Americas entry into World War I, Wilson remarked that the U.S. would make the world safe for democracy. Few statements have so clearly typified the modern implications of Manifest Destiny. The Bush Era It would be hard to classify American involvement in World War II as an extension of Manifest Destiny. You could make a greater case for its policies during the Cold War. The policies of George W. Bush toward Iraq, however, fit modern Manifest Destiny almost exactly. Bush, who said in a 2000 debate against Al Gore that he had no interest in nation-building, proceeded to do exactly that in Iraq. When Bush began the war in March 2003, his overt reason was to find weapons of mass destruction. In reality, he was bent on deposing Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein and installing in his place a system of American democracy. The ensuing insurrection against American occupiers proved how difficult it would be for the United States to continue pushing its brand of Manifest Destiny.

Organization Design Structure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization Design Structure - Assignment Example Naturally raised food is hard to come by on such large scale, so Chipotle leaves some of the procurement to regional or local levels in order to supply the best product to the local markets. This also allows Chipotle to leverage other markets when product demand cannot be met in a certain area. This allows the top management to offer leadership to the company to the right way while maintaining core competencies and allowing the operational levels to maintain daily quality standards. This structure is ideal for geographical focus where chipotle’s different geographical units can alter their products to suit the local market. Workplace policies can also be crafted to cater for the specific region only. Lack of competent and qualified managers in newly established units is a greater problem that Chipotle is experiencing. Chipotle can adopt a single tier multidivisional matrix level called New Restaurant Development whose main purpose would to open new stores and to train managers from different regions. This would mean that the new stores would be opened by trained professionals who know how to handle all the problems of opening a new store and how to lean on the local and regional managers for additional help and information. This also would be an excellent way to hold a high quality standard during the most essential part of a new restaurant, the

Phonetics and you can find every thing in the slide Essay

Phonetics and you can find every thing in the slide - Essay Example 2a) Within the dataset provided there is only evidence of one minimal pair: [kano] â€Å"to make† and [xano] â€Å"to lose† providing evidence of /k/ and /x/ being phonemes because they are contrastive and therefore distinctive. It is unlikely that a language will have only one stop consonant (plosive) so it can be assumed that /t/ and /p/ are also phonemes. The fact that there is evidence of both a voiced /?/and voiceless /x/ velar fricative occurring in the same environments anticipates they are phonemes, and that a voiced counterpart to the labio-dental /f/ and alveolar fricative /s/ would also be found with further data. Evidence also suggests that although the voiced and voiceless pairs of velar fricative phonemes exist they are not found in all situations; for example, /x/ and /?/ occur directly before the back mid vowel /o/ and the low vowel /a/ but not before the high /i/ and mid /e/front vowels and are thus in complementary distribution, wherein we find a voice less alveolar fricative [?] or its voiced counterpart [?]. ... /n/ only occurs between vowels, but because of symmetry it is more likely they both occur as phonemes – within this same argument there may be a velar nasal /?/. Another allophone evidenced in the data is the alveolar trill [r] which is only found inter-vocalically preceding two vowels - in other words a diphthong. It can thus be assumed that the flap or tap /?/ becomes a trill [r] before a diphthong. The difficulty in terms of interpretation in this data set is whether the post alveolar affricate [t?] is a phoneme or an allophone; for want of further evidence and because both the voiced and voiceless post alveolar fricatives occur in the same environment as the post alveolar affricate it is suggested that it is an allophone of /k/ in keeping with the symmetrical pattern of each velar phoneme having allophones preceding front vowels. The only other phoneme not discussed within the list is the back high vowel /u/, which if considered a phoneme provides a five vowel system for C retan. 2b) The following rules would account for the presumed four allophones: /x/ [?] / -- /i/ and /e/ /?/ [?] / -- /i/ and /e/ /k/ [t?] / -- /i/ and /e/ /?/ [r]/ -- /i/ or /e/ 2c) Based on the dataset it is likely that [g] does not exist in Cretan because there is no evidence of any voiced stops; thus it can be assumed that Cretan only has voiceless stops. References Silzer, P.J. 2005, Working with Language: an interactive guide to understanding language and linguistics. SIL at Biola, Department of TESOL and Applied Linguistics, School of Intercultural Studies, Biola University, viewed 14 January, 201,